Trace analysis of dissolved polychlorinated organic compounds in the water of the Yangtse River (Nanjing, China)

Eighteen organochlorine contaminants from the water samples of the Yangtse River have been qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. The analysis of polychlorinated organic compounds (PCOCs) extracted by C18 Solid Phase Extract (SPE) was performed using HP6890 gas chromatograph coupled by ECD detector. The analytical results demonstrate that the analytical methods are reliable based on the fact that most of the recoveries for the targeted compounds are 60-90%. Most of the concerned contaminants, i.e. chlorinated pesticides and PCBs were found in the water samples of the Yangtse River, but their concentration was very low, <2.97 ng l(-1), which is far less than 1 microg l(-1)--the standard of drinking water of China. It is apparent that the PCOCs were in high concentration during the dry season, and in low concentration during the rainy season. The situation of PCOCs contamination in the water of the Yangtse River in 1999 was greatly improved in comparison with 10 years ago.     

用于高校优质中水原位处理的设备研究

为了提高高校优质中水的处理与回用率,提出了适用于高校优质中水的处理与回用系统,设计了中水原位处理设备,并进行了试验验证.结果表明,沉淀-SOBMR-过滤设备能够实现无动力、自动化运行,尤其适合于盥洗和洗浴废水的处理.沉淀单元对盥洗废水COD和SS去除率分别为23.8%和55.7%;SOBMR单元对盥洗废水COD和SS去除率分别为35.8%和27.9%;过滤单元能有效去除废水中绝大部分SS,且能耐受SS冲击负荷,对废水COD去除率先增后降,受水力负荷的影响,负荷越小,处理效果越好.整个系统出水水质满足杂用水对COD、SS和色度等要求,可用于冲厕和杂用.每套处理装置可节约水资源151.2 m3/a,设备投资回收期为2.01年,具有巨大的经济效益.     

硫酸锰废渣的浸出毒性及处理研究

研究了硫酸锰废渣的主要金属元素组成及浸出毒性,并采用锰渣加石灰混合的方法进行无害化处理,研究结果表明,硫酸锰废渣浸出液中Mn、Cd超标,锰渣加石灰混合处理的方法能有效降低废渣的浸出毒性,锰渣与石灰的重量比为25:2最佳.     

臭氧-曝气生物滤池处理酸性玫瑰红染料废水

在实验室配制含酸性玫瑰红染料的印染废水,采用臭氧氧化-曝气生物滤池工艺开展处理试验.试验运行结果表明,臭氧氧化处理能提高模拟废水的可生化性,BOD/COD值由原水的0.18上升到0.36.经组合工艺处理后出水COD＜40 mg/L,色度40倍以下,SS约50 mg/L,处理效果良好.     

粉煤灰处理煤矿酸性废水的研究

采用石灰石中和沉淀，粉煤灰吸附处理煤矿酸性废水，取得了良好的效果。用石灰石调节pH至4.5，再用石灰中和至中性，并用粉煤灰吸附，粉煤灰用量为10g／L时处理效果较好。     

沸石曝气生物滤池去除氨氮性能及生物学特征分析

天然沸石具有较大的孔隙率和比表面积,对氨氮有较强的选择性离子交换能力.运用天然沸石曝气生物滤池处理城市污水厂二级生化出水,结果表明,曝气生物滤池有良好的去除效果.在气水比为3∶1,水力负荷为1 m/h,温度＞20℃情况下,沸石曝气生物滤池对城市污水厂二级生化出水COD去除率为12.7%,NH3-N去除率为96.6%;试验系统沿程微生物活性和微生物量呈现逐渐下降趋势,而单位生物量的生物活性沿程分布则与此相反;曝气生物滤池对水中污染物的去除主要集中在底部进水端部分,当水流达到距进水端上方105 cm时,曝气生物滤池对水中NH3-N的去除率已达86.8%(占氨氮总去除率的90%),COD的去除率为13.3%(占COD总去除率的67%).     

阳离子树脂法提取活性污泥胞外聚合物的研究

考察了树脂法提取活性污泥中胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substance,EPS)的影响因素,确定了最佳的提取条件.试验结果表明,树脂量60g/g VSS,振摇频率200r/min下处理4 h,EPS的提取量达到111.20 mg/L,DNA占提取量的12.13%.该方法的重现性试验结果还表明,EPS及其各成分的相对标准偏差在2.21%～6.07%之间,能较好地满足试验要求,是一种可靠的EPS提取方法.     

新型混凝剂应用于中水处理的试验研究

围绕着中水回用过程中面临的若干关键问题，通过系统研究筛选高效混凝剂及优化混凝过程来提高污染物去除率，为中水回用提供经济合理的工艺途径。实验结果表明，与FeCl2相比，HPACS系列具有显著优越的除浊与除有机物性能。除磷性能则较为一致，可以达到90％以上的去除率。PFAC系列与FeCl3相比，除浊性能较差，取决于混凝剂中的有效成分的含量，但是具有较为优越的除有机物性能。HPAA系列具有显著优越的除浊和除有机物性能。HPFA与FeCl3系列相比，则具有较高的除磷效果，HPAA的除磷效果则相对较差。不同系列混凝剂具有不同的除浊、除有机物与除磷性能，需要结合分质供水的要求进行优化应用。     

成瘾者头发样品中滥用药物的GC—MS鉴定

本文采用气相色谱－质谱方法分离、鉴定成瘾者头发样品中的滥用药物，样品处理方法简单，甲醇一次超声提取，提取效果较好，样品用量少，仅需２０ｍｇ。应用该法对几例成瘾者头发样品进行了分析鉴定，不公检出几种代谢产物，而且检出药物的原形。     

Distribution and Risk Assessment of Fluoride in Drinking Water in the West Plain Region of Jilin Province, China

The west plain region of Jilin province of northeast China is one of the typical endemic fluorosis areas caused by drinking water for many years. Investigations of hydrogeological and ecoenvironmental conditions as well as endemic fluorosis were conducted in 1998. Results show that the ground water, especially, the water in the unconfined aquifer is the main source of drinking water for local residents. The fluoride concentration in groundwater in the unconfined aquifers is higher than that in the confined aquifer in the west plain of Jilin province. The fluoride concentration in the unconfined aquifer can be used to classify the plain into fluoride deficient area, optimum area and excess area, which trend from west to east. High fluoride (>1.0 mg L(-1)) in drinking water resulted in dental and skeletal fluorosis in local residents (children and pregnant women). There exists a positive correlation between fluoride concentration in the drinking water and the morbidities of endemic fluorosis disease (r1 = 0.781, r2 = 0.872). Health risks associated with fluoride concentration in drinking water are assessed. It has been determined that fluoride concentration in excess of 1.0 mg L(-1) exposes residents to high health risks based on risk identification. The study area is classified into five health risk classes as shown in Figure 4. The risk indexes of this area more than 1.0 are accounted for 68% of the total west plain region.